Identify the main purpose and target audience of your PSA.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT

Throughout the session, you have been going through the process of influencing policymakers by directly or indirectly writing letters to them. For this assignment, you will develop a 30-second public service announcement (PSA) for radio, television, or a website to further bring attention to the issue you have been writing about. Your product, whichever option you choose, must include a voice-over or recorded PSA. Therefore, you will need access to a microphone for this assignment. The module’s required reading from the Community Tool Box covers how to prepare PSAs and when to consider using them. Their examples of PSA scripts are very useful and can give you ideas about how to approach the assignment.

1. Identify the main purpose and target audience of your PSA.

2. Develop a 30-second prerecorded PSA (~ 60-75 words) for a radio, a television, or a website. Make sure to submit both your script and prerecorded PSA.

3. Your PSA should include a “catchphrase” that makes your message memorable. Below are examples of health campaign catchphrases.

“Milk does a body good.”
“This is your brain on drugs. Any questions?”
“I learned it by watching you.”
“Friends don’t let friends drive drunk.”

Note: MyTLC Courses only supports the following media formats: AVI, ASF, MOV, MPEG, MPG, MP3, MP4*, M4A*, M4V*, RM, RA, RAM, SWF, and WAV. Please submit an e-ticket if you are having trouble uploading your file and contact your instructor.

Length: 1-page script and a 30-second recording

Explain a major regulation for protecting food from carcinogens and discuss its purpose.

Safety of Food from Carcinogens

The Office of Food Additive Safety (OFAS) at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) of FDA is charged with, among other responsibilities, regulating industry to ensure that food contact substances and food additives are safe.

Using your course textbook, the South University Online Library, and the Internet, research on major regulations related to food safety. On the basis of your research, answer the following questions:

What are the ten microbiological agents that are implicated in food-borne illness? What are the measures for preventing food-borne illness?
Describe practical methods for the prevention of food-borne illness and indicate how you apply them in your home or business.
What are the procedures that a local health department might use for investigating an outbreak of food-borne illness?
Explain a major regulation for protecting food from carcinogens and discuss its purpose. Do you think there should be any change in this regulation? Why or why not?
What is the intended impact of food safety–related law on your local community?
please support with apa referance page

What are the ten microbiological agents that are implicated in food-borne illness?

Ms. J has chronic heart failure, her vital signs reveal Atrial Fibrillation, tachypnea, and hypotension. She will need Oxygen for O2 sat of 82 %, telemetry to watch for cardiac arrhythmia’s, continuous O2 monitor, vital signs every 15 minutes, monitor intake and output every 4 hours, elevate head of the bed, establish IV, start IVF to keep vein open, and leave call light in reach.

Ms. J will need to initiate treatment for heart failure. Lasix is a diuretic that is needed to remove excess fluid in the body, it works by blocking the absorption of sodium, chloride, and water. Given IV, the onset of action is within five minutes and last about 2 hours. Careful medical supervision is needed to monitor effects of Lasix on sodium, potassium, chloride, and hypotension. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is meant for lowering blood pressure, and increasing oxygen to the heart by relaxing blood vessels, and this means that the heart doesn’t have to work that hard to get blood to the rest of the body. With Ms. J medication may need to be spaced out to prevent a significant drop in blood pressure. Metoprolol is a beta blocker, it slows down the heart rate and allows more time for the heart to fill with blood more completely, and pump out more blood to the body. Morphine produces a calming effect, vasodilation, and respiratory relaxation to help with “air hunger”, which is very distressing to the patient (Copstead, Kirkhorn, L, Banasik, J.L. 2014).

Four Cardiovascular conditions that can lead to heart failure are hypertension, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease (CAD), and so-me viruses. The heart needs oxygen and nutrients continuously. When there is a disruption in cardiac blood flow, there is damage to cardiac tissue. Hypertension can be controlled by treating the underlying cause such as stress, caffeine, smoking, drinking, sleep apnea, and by taking antihypertensive medication. Atrial fibrillation can be caused by caffeine, smoking, and alcohol. Abstaining from these products will help survival. Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of heart failure. Atherosclerosis is when plaque builds up in arteries. CAD can be managed to prevent heart failure by eating healthy, such as eating more fruits adds vegetables, less red meat, taking medication for cholesterol (Copstead-Kirkhorn, L., Banasik, J. L. 2014).

Some nursing interventions to help prevent problems related to multiple drug interactions are:

Advise patient to make a list of all medications names, brand and generic
Bring all medication to doctors’ appointments to prevent duplication of prescriptions and to see if the patient has duplicate medications
Advise patient of dietary interactions and side effects of medication and when to notify the clinic about problems or reactions
Advised patients to use only one pharmacy to fill medications, so that medications can be monitored closer (Woodruff, K. 2017).
I NEED YOU TO COMMENT FROM THIS POST, 150 WORDS NEEDED AND REFERENCE PLEASE

What tools can be implemented to ensure organizations such as Healing Hands Hospital and physician practices are meeting the policies and procedures set forth by CMS?

An EKG to monitor the heart rhythms. Oxygen saturation needs to be monitored (*82% is low) and provided with additional oxygen via nasal cannula. In addition, keeping the bed elevated will open the airways and aide in the flow of oxygen to the lungs and throughout the body. The patient’s labs need to be observed for any additional changes, and physical assessments need to take place for signs of edema, and enlargement, such as swelling in the lower extremity of the body.

Medications and Rationales (Drugs.com, 2017)

Lasix (furosemide) is a loop diuretic (water pill) that prevents your body from absorbing too much salt. Lasix is used to treat fluid retention (edema) in people with congestive heart failure, liver disease, or a kidney disorder such as nephrotic syndrome.

Enalapril (Vasotec) is an ACE inhibitor. ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme. Enalapril is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) in adults and children who are at least 1 month old. Enalapril is also used to treat congestive heart failure in adults.

Metoprolol (Lopressor) is a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (beta-blocker) and diuretic combination. The beta-blocker works by slowing down the heartbeat, helping the heart beat more regularly, and reducing the amount of work the heart has to do. The diuretic increases the elimination of excess fluid, which helps to decrease blood pressure.

Morphine Sulfate (IV) Morphine is used to treat moderate to severe pain. In addition, it can help with the anxiety and mechanisms of the heart.

Four Cardiovascular conditions that can lead to heart failure

Coronary artery disease (AHA, 2017)
High blood pressure (AHA, 2017
Previous heart attack (AHA, 2017)
Myocarditis (Mayo Clinic, 2017)
Suggestions for prevention include: a lifestyle change of bad habits, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and losing weight, adding an exercise regimen that involved 30-35 min of exercise that increases the heart rate at least 3 times a week, and a well-balanced diet not rich in fast food choices and high in fried or fatty foods. All these suggestions will help with all the conditions listed above that could occur (AHA< 2017).

Interventions for drug-Problems in the Elderly

There are some creative and non-creative ways to assess and implement whether an elderly person has too many medications at the same time, or similar ones. Hence, the term polypharmacy. One example, is the Brown bag method to help reduce polypharmacy in the elderly population, because “A recent study found that this method produces a more accurate list of the drugs an elderly patient takes” (Modern Science, 2017. A second example is a pill organizer. I love the application Pinterest and I have seen many creative ways to organize pills (Pinterest, 2017). These can be organized by day and night, am or pm, and so on. Last, suggesting that the elderly patient use the same pharmacy for all prescriptions.

i need you to comment from this post, 150 words needed and a reference please

Describe any cultural aspects of the study.

Select a nursing research article from the list below that includes a theoretical or conceptual framework and the exploration of a clinical problem. Identify the nursing research article components using the Week 5 research template.

Development of a Proactive Care Program (U-CARE) to Preserve Physical Functioning of Frail Older People in Primary Care

Emotional Work and Diversity in Clinical Placements of Nursing Students

Nurses’ Preparedness and Perceived Competence in Managing Disasters

Self-efficacy-based training for research literature appraisal

The template will be evaluated on the effectiveness of the discussion of the following components. If a component is not present in the article, its absence should be discussed.

Identify the research problem.
Identify the research purpose.
Summarize the review of literature.
Identify the nursing framework or theoretical perspective.
Identify the research questions and hypotheses.
Identify the variables.
Identify and discuss the appropriateness of the design.
Discusses the validity and reliability of the instruments, tools, or surveys.
Discuss the significance of the study. Did it resolve the question?
Discuss the legal and ethical issues of the study. Include the use of human subjects and their protection.
Describe any cultural aspects of the study.
Describe the final sample.
Describe the procedures for data collection.
Summarize the results including statistical analysis used or other method of analysis.
Describe how the results of the research may impact future nursing practice.
Apply the research to the student’s nursing practice.
NOTE: If a component is absent, student receives a zero for that component.
Cite any resources in APA style and include a copy of the article with the submission.

Why should staff engagement start at the top?

Read and summarize the article in 2-3pgs (Microsoft Word, 12pt double spaced). You must include your personal thoughts about the article.

– What characteristics should a healthcare executive possess?

– How important is patient safety from a healthcare executive perspective?

– Why should staff engagement start at the top?

Describe the departmental health record systems or health information system.

NEED TO BE DONE BY SATURDAY AT 3:00PM

Unit V Research Paper

HIM and Other Care Settings

Select one department within a hospital that uses a specialized health information system. Upon selection, develop a research paper that encompasses the following activities:

1. Describe the departmental health record systems or health information system.

2. Explain how the departmental health information system contributes to the electronic health record (EHR).

3. Discuss the factors that cause facilities to use multiple information systems.

4. Describe the health information system workflow of the health department you have selected.

HTH 1304, Health Information Technology and Systems 4

Develop a webinar presentation for staff personnel to support the implementation and use of the new telehealth technology. Create 10–15 slides to support your presentation, including a title slide and a references slide. Cite 3–5 sources of scholarly or professional evidence.

· List your sources on the references slide at the end of your presentation.

Your answers above should be presented in a minimum of five pages, not including the title page or reference page. Please incorporate at least three references, one of which is from the CSU Online Library. Be sure to use APA citations throughout your paper.

Describe one or two changes that you noticed and why you think those changes became necessary in reference to what was stated in the two articles that you read.

HelloLook up two articles online that discuss the concept of strategic marketing in health care.

There are many factors within a healthcare organization and within their communities, region, economic and political environments that impact how they plan and operate. Think of a healthcare organization you know of that has made some significant changes within recent years. Describe one or two changes that you noticed and why you think those changes became necessary in reference to what was stated in the two articles that you read.

This discussion board will close on September 3rd, 2017 at 11:59 p.m but please try to submit your original post early enough (maybe two or three days before the forum closes) for your peers to get the chance to respond to it.

To obtain full credit:

Make an original post (250-350 words). (15 points)
The initial response contains at least the 2 scholarly references you looked up. (2 points)
Respond to at least two posts from two different classmates. Each response to your peers must be at least 100 words with a minimum of one (1) reference is required per peer reply. (8 points)

Was there a statistically signifi cant difference in family participation in professional care from HV1 to HV4?

how much would it cost to do the following:

How can graphics and/or statistics be used to misrepresent data? Where have you seen this done?

What are the characteristics of a population for which it would be appropriate to use mean/median/mode? When would the characteristics of a population make them inappropriate to use?

Questions to Be Graded: Exercises 6, 8 and 9

Complete Exercises 6, 8, and 9 in Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, and submit as directed by the instructor.

80.0

Questions to Be Graded: Exercise 27

Use MS Word to complete “Questions to be Graded: Exercise 27” in Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice. Submit your work in SPSS by copying the output and pasting into the Word document. In addition to the SPSS output, please include explanations of the results where appropriate.

Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 67 EXERCISE 6 Questions to Be Graded Follow your instructor ’ s directions to submit your answers to the following questions for grading. Your instructor may ask you to write your answers below and submit them as a hard copy for grading. Alternatively, your instructor may ask you to use the space below for notes and submit your answers online at http://evolve.elsevier.com/Grove/statistics/ under “Questions to Be Graded.”

Name: _______________________________________________________

Class: _____________________

Date: ___________________________________________________________________________________ 68EXERCISE 6 •

1. What are the frequency and percentage of the COPD patients in the severe airfl ow limitation group who are employed in the Eckerblad et al. (2014) study?

2. What percentage of the total sample is retired? What percentage of the total sample is on sick leave?

3. What is the total sample size of this study? What frequency and percentage of the total sample were still employed? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent.

4. What is the total percentage of the sample with a smoking history—either still smoking or former smokers? Is the smoking history for study participants clinically important? Provide a rationale for your answer.

5. What are pack years of smoking? Is there a signifi cant difference between the moderate and severe airfl ow limitation groups regarding pack years of smoking? Provide a rationale for your answer.

6. What were the four most common psychological symptoms reported by this sample of patients with COPD? What percentage of these subjects experienced these symptoms? Was there a sig-nifi cant difference between the moderate and severe airfl ow limitation groups for psychological symptoms?

7. What frequency and percentage of the total sample used short-acting β 2 -agonists? Show your calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.

8. Is there a signifi cant difference between the moderate and severe airfl ow limitation groups regarding the use of short-acting β 2 -agonists? Provide a rationale for your answer.

9. Was the percentage of COPD patients with moderate and severe airfl ow limitation using short-acting β 2 -agonists what you expected? Provide a rationale with documentation for your answer.

10. Are these fi ndings ready for use in practice? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Understanding Frequencies and Percentages STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW Frequency is the number of times a score or value for a variable occurs in a set of data. Frequency distribution is a statistical procedure that involves listing all the possible values or scores for a variable in a study. Frequency distributions are used to organize study data for a detailed examination to help determine the presence of errors in coding or computer programming ( Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013 ). In addition, frequencies and percentages are used to describe demographic and study variables measured at the nominal or ordinal levels. Percentage can be defi ned as a portion or part of the whole or a named amount in every hundred measures. For example, a sample of 100 subjects might include 40 females and 60 males. In this example, the whole is the sample of 100 subjects, and gender is described as including two parts, 40 females and 60 males. A percentage is calculated by dividing the smaller number, which would be a part of the whole, by the larger number, which represents the whole. The result of this calculation is then multiplied by 100%. For example, if 14 nurses out of a total of 62 are working on a given day, you can divide 14 by 62 and multiply by 100% to calculate the percentage of nurses working that day. Calculations: (14 ÷ 62) × 100% = 0.2258 × 100% = 22.58% = 22.6%. The answer also might be expressed as a whole percentage, which would be 23% in this example. A cumulative percentage distribution involves the summing of percentages from the top of a table to the bottom. Therefore the bottom category has a cumulative percentage of 100% (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015). Cumulative percentages can also be used to deter-mine percentile ranks, especially when discussing standardized scores. For example, if 75% of a group scored equal to or lower than a particular examinee ’ s score, then that examinee ’ s rank is at the 75 th percentile. When reported as a percentile rank, the percentage is often rounded to the nearest whole number. Percentile ranks can be used to analyze ordinal data that can be assigned to categories that can be ranked. Percentile ranks and cumulative percentages might also be used in any frequency distribution where subjects have only one value for a variable. For example, demographic characteristics are usually reported with the frequency ( f ) or number ( n ) of subjects and percentage (%) of subjects for each level of a demographic variable. Income level is presented as an example for 200 subjects: Income Level Frequency ( f ) Percentage (%) Cumulative % 1. $100,000 105%100% EXERCISE 6 60EXERCISE 6 • Understanding Frequencies and PercentagesCopyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. In data analysis, percentage distributions can be used to compare fi ndings from different studies that have different sample sizes, and these distributions are usually arranged in tables in order either from greatest to least or least to greatest percentages ( Plichta & Kelvin, 2013 ). RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Eckerblad, J., Tödt, K., Jakobsson, P., Unosson, M., Skargren, E., Kentsson, M., & Thean-der, K. (2014). Symptom burden in stable COPD patients with moderate to severe airfl ow limitation. Heart & Lung, 43 (4), 351–357. Introduction Eckerblad and colleagues (2014 , p. 351) conducted a comparative descriptive study to examine the symptoms of “patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and determine whether symptom experience differed between patients with mod-erate or severe airfl ow limitations.” The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS) was used to measure the symptoms of 42 outpatients with moderate airfl ow limitations and 49 patients with severe airfl ow limitations. The results indicated that the mean number of symptoms was 7.9 ( ± 4.3) for both groups combined, with no signifi cant dif-ferences found in symptoms between the patients with moderate and severe airfl ow limi-tations. For patients with the highest MSAS symptom burden scores in both the moderate and the severe limitations groups, the symptoms most frequently experienced included shortness of breath, dry mouth, cough, sleep problems, and lack of energy. The research-ers concluded that patients with moderate or severe airfl ow limitations experienced mul-tiple severe symptoms that caused high levels of distress. Quality assessment of COPD patients ’ physical and psychological symptoms is needed to improve the management of their symptoms. Relevant Study Results Eckerblad et al. (2014 , p. 353) noted in their research report that “In total, 91 patients assessed with MSAS met the criteria for moderate ( n = 42) or severe airfl ow limitations ( n = 49). Of those 91 patients, 47% were men, and 53% were women, with a mean age of 68 ( ± 7) years for men and 67 ( ± 8) years for women. The majority (70%) of patients were married or cohabitating. In addition, 61% were retired, and 15% were on sick leave. Twenty-eight percent of the patients still smoked, and 69% had stopped smoking. The mean BMI (kg/m 2 ) was 26.8 ( ± 5.7). There were no signifi cant differences in demographic characteristics, smoking history, or BMI between patients with moderate and severe airfl ow limitations ( Table 1 ). A lower proportion of patients with moderate airfl ow limitation used inhalation treatment with glucocorticosteroids, long-acting β 2 -agonists and short-acting β 2 -agonists, but a higher proportion used analgesics compared with patients with severe airfl ow limitation. Symptom prevalence and symptom experience The patients reported multiple symptoms with a mean number of 7.9 ( ± 4.3) symptoms (median = 7, range 0–32) for the total sample, 8.1 ( ± 4.4) for moderate airfl ow limitation and 7.7 ( ± 4.3) for severe airfl ow limitation ( p = 0.36) . . . . Highly prevalent physical symp-toms ( ≥ 50% of the total sample) were shortness of breath (90%), cough (65%), dry mouth (65%), and lack of energy (55%). Five additional physical symptoms, feeling drowsy Understanding Frequencies and Percentages • EXERCISE 6Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. TABLE 1 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS AND USE OF MEDICATION FOR PATIENTS WITH STABLE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE CLASSIFIED IN PATIENTS WITH MODERATE AND SEVERE AIRFLOW LIMITATION Moderate n = 42 Severe n = 49 p Value Sex, n (%)0.607 Women19 (45)29 (59) Men23 (55)20 (41)Age (yrs), mean ( SD )66.5 (8.6)67.9 (6.8)0.396Married/cohabitant n (%)29 (69)34 (71)0.854Employed, n (%)7 (17)7 (14)0.754Smoking, n %0.789 Smoking13 (31)12 (24) Former smokers28 (67)35 (71) Never smokers1 (2)2 (4)Pack years smoking, mean ( SD )29.1 (13.5)34.0 (19.5)0.177BMI (kg/m 2 ), mean ( SD )27.2 (5.2)26.5 (6.1)0.555FEV 1 % of predicted, mean ( SD )61.6 (8.4)42.2 (5.8) < 0.001SpO 2 % mean ( SD )95.8 (2.4)94.5 (3.0)0.009Physical health, mean ( SD )3.2 (0.8)3.0 (0.8)0.120Mental health, mean ( SD )3.7 (0.9)3.6 (1.0)0.628Exacerbation previous 6 months, n (%)14 (33)15 (31)0.781Admitted to hospital previous year, n (%)10 (24)14 (29)0.607Medication use, n (%) Inhaled glucocorticosteroids30 (71)44 (90)0.025 Systemic glucocorticosteroids3 (6.3)0 (0)0.094 Anticholinergic32 (76)42 (86)0.245 Long-acting β 2 -agonists30 (71)45 (92)0.011 Short-acting β 2 -agonists13 (31)32 (65)0.001 Analgesics11 (26)5 (10)0.046 Statins8 (19)11 (23)0.691 Eckerblad, J., Tödt, K., Jakobsson, P., Unosson, M., Skargren, E., Kentsson, M., & Theander, K. (2014). Symptom burden in stable COPD patients with moderate to severe airfl ow limitation. Heart & Lung, 43 (4), p. 353. numbness/tingling in hands/feet, feeling irritable, and dizziness, were reported by between 25% and 50% of the patients. The most commonly reported psychological symptom was diffi culty sleeping (52%), followed by worrying (33%), feeling irritable (28%) and feeling sad (22%). There were no signifi cant differences in the occurrence of physical and psy-chological symptoms between patients with moderate and severe airfl ow limitations” ( Eckerblad et al., 2014 , p. 353). 62EXERCISE 6 • Understanding Frequencies and PercentagesCopyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What are the frequency and percentage of women in the moderate airfl ow limitation group? 2. What were the frequencies and percentages of the moderate and the severe airfl ow limitation groups who experienced an exacerbation in the previous 6 months? 3. What is the total sample size of COPD patients included in this study? What number or fre-quency of the subjects is married/cohabitating? What percentage of the total sample is married or cohabitating? 4. Were the moderate and severe airfl ow limitation groups signifi cantly different regarding married/cohabitating status? Provide a rationale for your answer. 5. List at least three other relevant demographic variables the researchers might have gathered data on to describe this study sample. 6. For the total sample, what physical symptoms were experienced by ≥ 50% of the subjects? Identify the physical symptoms and the percentages of the total sample experiencing each symptom.

Interpreting Line Graphs EXERCISE 7

69 Interpreting Line Graphs STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW Tables and fi gures are commonly used to present fi ndings from studies or to provide a way for researchers to become familiar with research data. Using fi gures, researchers are able to illustrate the results from descriptive data analyses, assist in identifying patterns in data, identify changes over time, and interpret exploratory fi ndings. A line graph is a fi gure that is developed by joining a series of plotted points with a line to illustrate how a variable changes over time. A line graph fi gure includes a horizontal scale, or x -axis, and a vertical scale, or y -axis. The x -axis is used to document time, and the y -axis is used to document the mean scores or values for a variable ( Grove, Burns, & Gray, 2013 ; Plichta & Kelvin, 2013 ). Researchers might include a line graph to compare the values for three or four variables in a study or to identify the changes in groups for a selected variable over time. For example, Figure 7-1 presents a line graph that documents time in weeks on the x -axis and mean weight loss in pounds on the y -axis for an experimental group consuming a low carbohydrate diet and a control group consuming a standard diet. This line graph illustrates the trend of a strong, steady increase in the mean weight lost by the experimental or intervention group and minimal mean weight loss by the control group. EXERCISE 7 FIGURE 7-1 ■ LINE GRAPH COMPARING EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS FOR WEIGHT LOSS OVER FOUR WEEKS. Weight loss (lbs)Weeksy-axisx-axisControlExperimental10864201234 70EXERCISE 7 • Interpreting Line GraphsCopyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Azzolin, K., Mussi, C. M., Ruschel, K. B., de Souza, E. N., Lucena, A. D., & Rabelo-Silva, E. R. (2013). Effectiveness of nursing interventions in heart failure patients in home care using NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC. Applied Nursing Research, 26 (4), 239–244. Introduction Azzolin and colleagues (2013) analyzed data from a larger randomized clinical trial to determine the effectiveness of 11 nursing interventions (NIC) on selected nursing out-comes (NOC) in a sample of patients with heart failure (HF) receiving home care. A total of 23 patients with HF were followed for 6 months after hospital discharge and provided four home visits and four telephone calls. The home visits and phone calls were organized using the nursing diagnoses from the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I) classifi cation list. The researchers found that eight nursing interven tions signifi cantly improved the nursing outcomes for these HF patients. Those interventions included “health education, self-modifi cation assistance, behavior modifi -cation, telephone consultation, nutritional counselling, teaching: prescribed medications, teaching: disease process, and energy management” ( Azzolin et al., 2013 , p. 243). The researchers concluded that the NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC linkages were useful in manag-ing patients with HF in their home. Relevant Study Results Azzolin and colleagues (2013) presented their results in a line graph format to display the nursing outcome changes over the 6 months of the home visits and phone calls. The nursing outcomes were measured with a fi ve-point Likert scale with 1 = worst and 5 = best. “Of the eight outcomes selected and measured during the visits, four belonged to the health & knowledge behavior domain (50%), as follows: knowledge: treatment regimen; compliance behavior; knowledge: medication; and symptom control. Signifi cant increases were observed in this domain for all outcomes when comparing mean scores obtained at visits no. 1 and 4 ( Figure 1 ; p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The other four outcomes assessed belong to three different NOC domains, namely, functional health (activity tolerance and energy conservation), physiologic health (fl uid balance), and family health (family participation in professional care). The scores obtained for activity tolerance and energy conservation increased signifi cantly from visit no. 1 to visit no. 4 ( p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively). Fluid balance and family participation in professional care did not show statistically signifi cant differences ( p = 0.848 and p = 0.101, respectively) ( Figure 2 )” ( Azzolin et al., 2013 , p. 241). The signifi cance level or alpha ( α ) was set at 0.05 for this study. Interpreting Line Graphs • EXERCISE 7Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 2 ■ NURSING OUTCOMES MEASURED OVER 6 MONTHS (OTHER DOMAINS): Activity tolerance (95% CI − 1.38 to − 0.18, p = 0.004); energy conservation (95% CI − 0.62 to − 0.19, p < 0.001); fl uid balance (95% CI − 0.25 to 0.07, p = .848); family participation in professional care (95% CI − 2.31 to − 0.11, p = 0.101). HV = home visit. CI = confi dence interval. Azzolin, K., Mussi, C. M., Ruschel, K. B., de Souza, E. N., Lucena, A. D., & Rabelo-Silva, E. R. (2013). Effectiveness of nursing interventions in heart failure patients in home care using NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC. Applied Nursing Research, 26 (4), p. 242. 5.04.54.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50MeanHV1HV2HV3HV4Fluid balanceFamily participationin professional careActivity toleranceEnergy conservation FIGURE 1 ■ NURSING OUTCOMES MEASURED OVER 6 MONTHS (HEALTH & KNOWLEDGE BEHAVIOR DOMAIN): Knowledge: medication (95% CI − 1.66 to − 0.87, p < 0.001); knowledge: treatment regimen (95% CI − 1.53 to − 0.98, p < 0.001); symptom control (95% CI − 1.93 to − 0.95, p < 0.001); and compliance behavior (95% CI − 1.24 to − 0.56, p < 0.001). HV = home visit. CI = confi dence interval. 5.04.54.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50MeanHV1HV2HV3HV4Compliance behaviorSymptom controlKnowledge: medicationKnowledge: treatment reg 72EXERCISE 7 • Interpreting Line GraphsCopyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What is the purpose of a line graph? What elements are included in a line graph? 2. Review Figure 1 and identify the focus of the x -axis and the y -axis. What is the time frame for the x -axis? What variables are presented on this line graph? 3. In Figure 1 , did the nursing outcome compliance behavior change over the 6 months of home visits? Provide a rationale for your answer. 4. State the null hypothesis for the nursing outcome compliance behavior. 5. Was there a signifi cant difference in compliance behavior from the fi rst home visit (HV1) to the fourth home visit (HV4)? Was the null hypothesis accepted or rejected? Provide a rationale for your answer. 6. In Figure 1 , what outcome had the lowest mean at HV1? Did this outcome improve over the four home visits? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 77

Questions to Be Graded EXERCISE 7 Follow your instructor ’ s directions to submit your answers to the following questions for grading. Your instructor may ask you to write your answers below and submit them as a hard copy for grading. Alternatively, your instructor may ask you to use the space below for notes and submit your answers online at http://evolve.elsevier.com/Grove/statistics/ under “Questions to Be Graded.”

1. What is the focus of the example Figure 7-1 in the section introducing the statistical technique of this exercise?

2. In Figure 2 of the Azzolin et al. (2013 , p. 242) study, did the nursing outcome activity tolerance change over the 6 months of home visits (HVs) and telephone calls? Provide a rationale for your answer.

3. State the null hypothesis for the nursing outcome activity tolerance.

4. Was there a signifi cant difference in activity tolerance from the fi rst home visit (HV1) to the fourth home visit (HV4)? Was the null hypothesis accepted or rejected? Provide a rationale for your answer.